O cateter de artéria pulmonar é um monitor invasivo geralmente usado durante cirurgias cardíacas em pacientes de alto risco para aprimorar as funções cardíacas. Apresen-tamos o caso de escoamento de sangue pela porta de conexão do cateter de artéria pulmonar para oximetria que resultou na impossibilidade de monitorar o débito cardíaco contínuo e na substituição do cateter. A causa do sangramento anormal foi posteriormente confirmada como um defeito de fabricação.

Pulmonary artery catheter is an invasive monitor usually placed in high-risk cardiac surgical patients to optimize the cardiac functions. We present this case of blood oozing from the oximetry connection port of the pulmonary artery catheter that resulted in the inability to monitor continuous cardiac output requiring replacement of the catheter. The cause of this abnormal bleeding was later confirmed to be due to a manufacturing defect.

El catéter de arteria pulmonar es un monitor invasivo generalmente usado durante cirugías cardíacas en pacientes de alto riesgo para optimizar las funciones cardíacas. Presen-tamos el caso de entrada de sangre por el puerto de conexión del catéter de arteria pulmonar para oximetría, trayendo como resultado la imposibilidad de monitorizar el gasto cardíaco continuo y, por ende, la sustitución del catéter. La causa del sangrado anormal fue posteriormente confirmada como un defecto de fabricación.

The modern diet doesn't provide the required amount of beneficial bacteria. Maintenance of a proper microbial ecology in the host is the main criteria to be met for a healthy growth. Probiotics are one such alternative that are supplemented to the host where by and large species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces are considered as main probiotics. The field of probiotics has made stupendous strides though there is no major break through in the identification of their mechanism of action. They exert their activity primarily by strengthening the intestinal barrier and immunomodulation. The main objective of the study was to provide a deep insight into the effect of probiotics against the diseases, their applications and proposed mechanism of action.